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<meta name="description" content="肾是脊椎动物的一种器官，属于泌尿系统的一部分，负责过滤血液中的杂质、维持体液和电解质的平衡，最后产生尿液经尿道排出体外；同时也具备内分泌的功能以调节血压。在人体中，正常成人具备两枚肾脏，位于腰部两侧后方。肾脏中特有的酶是甘油激酶、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶，这三种酶是十分重要的酶。...">
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<em class="cmn-icon cmn-icons cmn-icons_logo-qq"></em>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="width:0;height:0;clear:both"></div><dl class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-">
<dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title">
<span class="lemma-pinyin" >
<span class="text">[shèn]</span>
<a class="speak" id="j-pinyin-speak" href="javascript:;" title="点击发声" nslog-type="10000106">&nbsp;</a>
</span>
<div id="fmp_flash_div" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;">
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</div>
<h1 >肾</h1>
<a href="javascript:;" class="edit-lemma cmn-btn-hover-blue cmn-btn-28 j-edit-link"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
<a class="lock-lemma" target="_blank" href="/view/10812319.htm" title="锁定"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_lock-lemma"></em>锁定</a>
</dd>
</dl><div class="promotion-declaration">
</div><div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
<div class="para" label-module="para">���是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9/339363" data-lemmaid="339363">脊椎动物</a>的一种器官，属于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F/791818" data-lemmaid="791818">泌尿系统</a>的一部分，负责过滤血液中的杂质、维持体液和电解质的平衡，最后产生<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BF%E6%B6%B2/1340648" data-lemmaid="1340648">尿液</a>经尿道排出体外；同时也具备内分泌的功能以调节血压。在人体中，正常成人具备两枚肾脏，位于腰部两侧后方。肾脏中特有的酶是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6/9372538" data-lemmaid="9372538">甘油激酶</a>、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶，这三种酶是十分重要的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B6/107742" data-lemmaid="107742">酶</a>。</div>
</div>
<div class="configModuleBanner">
</div><div class="basic-info cmn-clearfix">
<dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-left">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">中文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
肾
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">外文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
Kidney
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">拉丁文</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
ren
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">动&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;脉</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
肾动脉
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">静&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;脉</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
肾静脉
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">神&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;经</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
肾丛
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">归&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;类</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">泌尿系统</a>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog">
<div class="lemma-catalog">
<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
<div class="catalog-list column-4">
<ol>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">概述</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_1">字典释义</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1_2">肾脏</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">部位</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">形态</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">构造</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4_1">结构</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4_2">功能单位</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4_3">门肾窦 肾蒂</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4_4">肾血管与肾段</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4_5">淋巴双神经</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4_6">被膜</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4_7">输尿管</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4_8">肾上腺</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4_9">肾上腺的动脉</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">机理</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">6</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6">功能</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_1">排出废物</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_2">调节体内水</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_3">电解质浓度</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_4">调节酸碱平衡</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_5">内分泌功能</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">7</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7">排泄及调节</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">8</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8">酸碱平衡作用</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">9</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9">肾实验</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">10</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#10">肾中医说法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#10_1">中医中的肾</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#10_2">道教释义</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">11</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#11">肾的论述</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">12</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#12">肾不好的特征</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">13</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#13">常见病症</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">14</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#14">肾阴、阳虚</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#14_1">肾阴虚</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#14_2">肾阳虚</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">15</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#15">宜吃食物</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">16</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#16">肾虚滋补方法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">17</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#17">男性补肾方法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">18</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#18">护肾措施</a></span>
</li>
</ol>

</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="概述" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>概述</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="1" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_1_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="字典释义" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="1-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>字典释义</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾（ shèn） 字从肉，从臤（qiān），臤亦声。“臤”本义为“牢固掌控臣属”。“肉”指“人体”。“臤”与“肉”联合起来表示“人体的抓总部分”。<b>本义</b>：人体津液系统的总阀门。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾脏（ kidney）：人或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9">高等动物</a>的主要排泄器官，左右各一，在腰椎骨的两边，由于右侧有实质性器官肝脏占据空间，大多数人左肾位置比右肾稍高。肾也叫<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%B0%E5%AD%90">腰子</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_1_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="肾脏" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="1-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾脏</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">用显微镜观察，可见到每一个肾脏主要由约100万个具有相同结构与机能的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D">肾单位</a>和少量结缔组织所组成，其间有大量血管和神经纤维。<a class="lemma-album layout-right nslog:10000206" title="肾"  href="/pic/%E8%82%BE/288408/261424/72ccb777db10a274b051b9d7?fr=lemma&ct=cover" target="_blank"  style="width:222px;" nslog-type="10000206">
<div class="album-wrap" style="width:220px;height:165px;">
<img class="picture" alt="肾" src="https://gss2.bdstatic.com/9fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=7d3fe9b3d100baa1be2c40b97710b9b1/5bafa40f4bfbfbed4966122078f0f736afc31fb5.jpg" style="width:220px;height:165px;"/>
</div>
<div class="description">
肾<span class="number">(7张)</span>
</div>
<div class="albumBg">
<div class="albumBgFir" style="width:214px;"></div>
<div class="albumBgSec" style="width:208px;"></div>
</div>
</a>
肾单位由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%93">肾小体</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%B0%8F%E7%AE%A1">肾小管</a>两部分组成。肾小管又汇合入集合管。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾位于腰部，脊��两旁，左右各一，故《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B4%A0%E9%97%AE/69559" data-lemmaid="69559">素问</a>·脉要经微论》说：“腰者，肾之府”。由于肾藏有“先天之精”，为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%8F%E8%85%91">脏腑</a>阴阳之本，生命之源，故称肾为“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%8B%E6%9C%AC">先天之本</a>”。肾在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C">五行</a>属水。由于足少阴肾经与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B6%B3%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1%E7%BB%8F">足太阳膀胱经</a>相互络属于肾与膀胱，故肾与膀胱相为表里。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="部位" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>部位</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="2" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%82%BE/288408/0/06493638d3f7d03eb9998f47?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="肾脏位置" style="width:220px;height:192px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=1edc37ee1bd5ad6eaef963e8b1ca39a3/8b82b9014a90f603bf4a906d3912b31bb051ed26.jpg"  alt="肾脏位置" style="width:220px;height:192px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
肾脏位置
</span>
</div>肾脏的位置：右肾门针对第二腰椎横突，左侧针对第一腰椎横突，右��由于肝脏关系比左肾略低1-2厘米。正常肾脏上下移动均在1-2厘米范围以内。肾脏是在横膈之下，体检时，除右肾下极可以在肋骨下缘扪及外，左肾则不易摸到。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾位于脊柱两侧，紧贴腹后壁，居<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%B9%E8%86%9C">腹膜</a>后方。左肾上端平第11胸椎下缘，下端平2腰椎下缘。右肾比左肾低半个椎体。左侧第12肋斜过左肾后面的中部，右侧第12肋斜过右肾后面的上部。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾门的体表投影：在腹前壁位于第9肋前端，在腹后壁位于第12肋下缘与竖脊肌外缘的交角处，此角称肾角或背助角。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E7%97%85">肾病</a>变时，此处常有压痛或叩击痛。肾的体表投影：在后正中线两侧2.5cm和7.5-8.5cm处各作两条垂线，通过第11胸椎和第3腰椎棘突各作一水平线，肾即位于此纵横标志线所组成的两个四边形范围内。此范围内如有疼痛等异常表现时，常提示肾有病变。肾的位置可有变异，位于盆腔或髂窝者为低位肾；若横过中线移至对侧，则为交叉异位肾。肾的位置异常比较少见，在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%B9%E9%83%A8%E8%82%BF%E5%9D%97">腹部肿块</a>的诊断中，应注意与肿瘤相鉴别。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">临床上常将竖脊肌外侧缘与第12肋之间的部位，称为肾区（脊肋角），当肾有病变时，触压或叩击该区，常有压痛或震痛。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="形态" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>形态</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="3" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:140px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%82%BE/288408/0/cebd00173e5f801b4b90a75d?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="肾-形态" style="width:140px;height:95px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=7dca46246709c93d03f209f5af3cf8bb/c995d143ad4bd113c72dbb185aafa40f4bfb0533.jpg"  alt="肾-形态" style="width:140px;height:95px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
肾-形态
</span>
</div>肾脏为成对的蚕豆状器官，位于腹膜后脊柱两旁浅窝中。约长10-12厘米、宽5-6厘米、厚3-4厘米、重120-150克；左肾较右肾稍大，肾纵轴上端向内、下端向外，因此两肾上极相距较近，下极较远，肾纵轴与脊柱所成角度为30度左右。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾为暗红色实质性器官，形似蚕豆。肾表面光滑，可分为上、下两端，前、后两面，内、外侧两缘。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1．<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E9%97%A8">肾门</a>（hius renalis）：是肾内侧缘中部的凹陷，为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89">肾动脉</a>、肾静脉、肾盂、神经及淋巴管等结构出入的部位。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E8%92%82">肾蒂</a>（renal pedicle）：出入肾门所有的结构被<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E7%BC%94%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87">结缔组织</a>包绕称肾蒂。右侧肾蒂较左侧肾蒂短。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3．<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E7%AA%A6">肾窦</a>（sinus renalis）：是肾门向肾实质内凹陷而形成的腔隙。其内含肾小盏、肾大盏、肾盂、肾动脉分支、肾静脉属支、淋巴管、神经和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87">脂肪组织</a>等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾外缘为凸面，内缘为凹面，凹面中部为肾门，所有血管、神经、及淋巴管均由此进入肾脏，肾盂则由此走出肾外。肾<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89">静脉</a>在前，动脉居中，肾盂在后；若以上下论则肾动脉在上，静脉在下。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="构造" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>构造</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="4" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="结构" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="4-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>结构</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%82%BE/288408/0/ac0acf13d33abb185baf5341?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="肾脏构造解剖示意图" style="width:220px;height:142px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/94o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=3c48e842ccbf6c81f3372bea8c3fb1d7/ac6eddc451da81cb99118fe75266d01609243120.jpg"  alt="肾脏构造解剖示意图" style="width:220px;height:142px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
肾脏构造解剖示意图
</span>
</div>可分为肾实质和肾盂两部分。在肾纵切面可以看到，肾实质分内外两层：外层为皮质，内层为髓质。肾皮质新鲜时呈红褐色。由肾小球和肾小管所构成，部分皮质伸展至髓质<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%94%A5%E4%BD%93">锥体</a>间，成为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E6%9F%B1">肾柱</a>。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E9%AB%93%E8%B4%A8">肾髓质</a>新鲜时呈淡红色，为10-20个锥体随构成。肾锥体在切面上呈三角形。锥体底部向肾凸面，尖端向肾门，锥体主要组织为集合管，锥体尖端称<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4">肾乳头</a>，每一个乳头有10-20个乳头管，向肾小盏漏斗部开口。在肾窦内有肾小盏，为漏斗形的膜状小管，围绕肾乳头。肾椎体与肾小���相连接。每肾有7-8个肾小盏，相邻2-3个肾小盏合成一个肾大盏。每肾有2-3个肾大盏，肾大盏汇合成扁漏斗状的肾盂。肾盂出肾门后逐渐缩窄变细，移行为输尿管。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="功能单位" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="4-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>功能单位</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">称为肾单位。每个肾单位由肾小体和肾小管组成。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾小体内有一个毛细血管团，称为肾小球，它由肾动脉分支形成。肾小球外有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%B0%8F%E5%9B%8A">肾小囊</a>包绕。肾小囊分两层，两层之间有囊腔与肾小管的管腔相通。肾小管汇成集合管。若干集合管汇合成乳头管，尿液由此流入肾小盏。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">毗邻肾的上方借疏松结缔组织与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA">肾上腺</a>相邻，两者共同由肾筋膜所包绕。两肾的内下方以肾盂续输尿管。左肾的内侧有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%B9%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89">腹主动脉</a>，右肾的内侧有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8B%E8%85%94%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89">下腔静脉</a>，两肾的内后方分别有左、右腰交感干。由于有肾邻近下腔静脉，右<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4">肾肿瘤</a>或炎症常侵及下腔静脉，因此在右肾切除术时，需注意保护下腔静脉，以免损伤造成难以控制的大出血。肾前方的毗邻，左、右侧有所不同。左肾的上部有胃后壁，中部有胰横过，下部有空肠样及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E8%82%A0">结肠</a>左曲；右肾的上部为肝右叶，下部为结肠右曲，内侧为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%8C%87%E8%82%A0%E9%99%8D%E9%83%A8">十二指肠降部</a>。左肾切除术时应注意勿伤及胰体和胰尾；右肾手术时要注意保护十二指肠降部。肾后面第12肋以上部分与膈邻贴，并借膈与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B8%E8%86%9C">胸膜</a>腔相邻。肾手术需切除第12肋时，要注意保护胸膜，以免损伤造成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%94%E8%83%B8">气胸</a>。在第12肋以下部分，除有肋下血管、神经外，自内向外有腰大肌及其前方的生殖<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%A1%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F">股神经</a>，腰方肌及其前方的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%82%E8%85%B9%E4%B8%8B%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F">髂腹下神经</a>、髂腹股沟神经等。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%91%A8%E5%9B%B4%E7%82%8E">肾周围炎</a>或脓肿时，腰大肌受到刺激可发生痉挛，引起患侧下肢屈曲。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4_3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="门肾窦 肾蒂" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="4-3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>门肾窦 肾蒂</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1. 肾门肾内缘中部凹陷处称肾门，是肾血管、肾盂、神经和淋巴管出入肾的部位。肾门多为四边形，其边缘称为肾唇。前唇和后唇有一定的弹性，手术需分离肾门时，牵开前唇或后唇可扩大肾门，显露肾窦。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. 肾窦由肾门深入肾实质所围成的腔隙称肾窦，内有肾动脉的分支、肾静脉的属支、肾盂，肾大、小盏，神经、淋巴管和脂肪组织。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3. 肾蒂由出入肾门的肾血管、肾盂、神经和淋巴管等���组成。肾蒂主要结构的排列由前向后依次为肾静脉、肾动脉和肾盂；由上向下依次为肾动脉、肾静脉和 肾盂。有的肾动脉在肾静脉平面以下起自腹主动脉，经肾静脉的后面上行，然后绕至前��进入肾门。此种肾动脉可压迫肾静脉，使肾静脉血流受阻，静脉压增高，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89%E8%A1%80">动脉血</a>供也相对减少，尤其在直立位时，动脉压迫静脉则更明显，这可能是直立性高血压的病因之一。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4_4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="肾血管与肾段" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="4-4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾血管与肾段</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1. 肾动脉和肾段肾动脉多平第1-2腰椎间盘高度起自腹主动脉，于肾静脉的后上方横行向外，经肾门入肾。由于腹主动脉位置偏左，故右肾动脉较长，并经下腔静脉的后面右行入肾。肾动脉起始部的外径平均为0.77cm，肾动脉的支数多为1支，2支或3-5支者少见。肾动脉进入肾门之前，多分为前、后两干，由前、后干分出段动脉。在肾窦内，前干走行在肾盂的前方，分出上段动脉、上前段动脉、下前段动脉和 下段动脉。后干走行在肾盂的后方，入肾后延续为后段动脉。每条段动脉均有相应供血区域，上段动脉分布于肾上端；上前段动脉至肾前面中上部及肾后面外缘；下前段动脉至肾前面中下部及肾后面外缘；下段动脉至肾下端；后段动脉至肾后面的中间部分。每一段动脉分布的肾实质区域，称为肾段。肾段共有五个：上段、上前段、下前段、下段和后段。肾各段动脉之间彼此没有吻合，若某一段动脉血流受阻时，其相应供血区的肾实质即可发生坏死。肾段的划分，为肾限局性病变的定位及肾段或肾部分切除术提供了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80">解剖学基础</a>。肾动脉的变异比较常见。将不经肾门而在肾上端或下端入肾的动脉，分别称为上极动脉或不极动脉。据统计，上、下极动脉的出现率约为28.7%，上极动脉比下极动脉多见。上、下极动脉可直接起自肾动脉、腹主动脉或腹主动脉与肾动脉起始部的交角处。上、下极动脉与上、下段动脉相比较，二者在肾内的供血区域一致，只是起点、行程和人肾的部位不同。手术时对上、下极动脉应引起足够重视，否则易被损伤，不仅可致出血，而且可遭致肾上端或下端的缺血坏死。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. 肾静脉肾内的静脉与肾内动脉不同，无节段性，但有广泛吻合，结扎单支不影响血液回流。肾内静脉在肾窦内汇成2或3支，出肾门后则合为一干，���行于肾动 脉的前方，以直角汇入下腔静脉。肾静脉多为1支，少数有2支或3支者，且多见于右侧。肾静脉的平均长度，左侧为6.47cm；右侧为2.75cm。其外径两侧亦不同，左侧为1.4cm；右侧为1.1cm。两侧肾静脉的属支不同。有肾静脉通常无肾外属支汇入；左肾静脉收纳左肾上腺静脉，左睾丸（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%B5%E5%B7%A2">卵巢</a>）静脉，其属支还与周围的静脉有吻合。肝<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%97%A8%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%8B%E7%97%87">门静脉高压症</a>时，利用此点行<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C">大网膜</a>包肾术，可建立门、腔静脉间的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BE%A7%E6%94%AF%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF">侧支循环</a>，从而降低肝门静脉压力。左肾静脉约有半数以上与左侧腰升静脉相连，经腰静脉与椎内静脉丛、颅内静脉窦相通，因此左侧肾和睾丸的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4">恶性肿瘤</a>可经此途径向颅内转移。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4_5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="淋巴双神经" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="4-5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>淋巴双神经</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1. 淋巴肾内淋巴管分浅、深两组。浅组位于肾<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E8%86%9C">纤维膜</a>深面，引流肾被膜及其附近的淋巴。深组位于肾内血管周围，引流肾实质的淋巴。两组淋巴管相互吻合，在肾蒂处汇合成较粗的淋巴管，汇入各群腰<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%93">淋巴结</a>。其中有肾前部的集合淋巴管沿右肾静脉横行，或斜向内下方，注入腔静脉前淋巴结、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89">主动脉</a>腔静脉间淋巴结及主动脉前淋巴结。右肾后部的集合淋巴管沿右肾动脉注入腔静脉后淋巴结。左肾前部的集合淋巴管沿左肾静脉注入主动脉前淋巴结及主动脉外侧淋巴结。左肾后部的集合淋巴管沿左肾动脉注入该动 脉起始处的主动脉外侧淋巴结。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E7%99%8C">肾癌</a>时上述淋巴结可被累及。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. 神经肾接受<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%A4%E6%84%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F">交感神经</a>和副交感神经双重支配，同时有内脏<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%84%9F%E8%A7%89%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F">感觉神经</a>。肾的交感神经和副交感神经皆来源于肾丛。一般认为分布于���内的神经主要是交感神经，副交感神经可能只终止于肾盂<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E6%BB%91%E8%82%8C">平滑肌</a>。肾的感觉神经来自交感神经和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BF%B7%E8%B5%B0%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F">迷走神经</a>的分支，由于分布于肾的感觉神经纤维皆经过肾丛，所以切除或封闭肾丛可消除肾疾患引起的疼痛。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4_6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="被膜" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="4-6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>被膜</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾的被膜有三层，由外向内依次为肾筋膜、脂肪囊和纤维囊。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E7%AD%8B%E8%86%9C">肾筋膜</a>，质较坚韧，分为前、后两层，两层筋膜从前、后方共同包绕肾和肾上腺。在肾的外侧缘，两层筋膜相互融合，并与腹横筋膜相连接。在肾的内侧，肾前筋膜越过腹主动脉和下腔静脉的前方，与对侧的肾前筋膜相续。肾后筋膜与腰方肌、腰大肌筋膜汇合后，向内侧附于椎体和椎间盘。在肾的上方，两层筋膜于肾上腺的上方 相融合，并与膈下筋膜相连续。在肾的下方，肾前筋膜向下消失于腹膜下筋膜中，肾后筋膜向下至髂嵴与髂筋膜愈着。由于肾前、后筋膜在肾下方互不融合，向下与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B4%E8%82%A0">直肠</a>后隙相通，经此通路可在骶骨前方做腹膜后注气造影。由肾筋膜发出许多结缔组织小束，穿过脂肪囊与纤维囊相连，对肾有一定的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8">固定作用</a>。由于肾筋膜的下端完全开放，当腹壁肌减弱，肾周围脂肪减少，或有内脏下垂时，肾移动性可增大，向下形成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%8B%E5%9E%82">肾下垂</a>或称游走肾。如果发生肾积脓或有肾周围炎时，脓液可沿肾筋膜向下蔓延。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. 脂肪囊又称肾床，为脂肪组织层，成人的厚度可达2cm，在肾的后面和边缘脂肪组织更为发达。脂肪囊有支持和保护肾的作用。经腹膜外作肾手术时，在脂肪囊内易于游离肾脏。肾囊封闭时，药液即注入此囊内。由于该层脂肪组织发达，易透过X线，在X线片上可见肾的轮廓，对肾疾病的诊断有一定意义。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3. 纤维囊又称纤维膜，为肾的固有膜，由致密结缔组织所构成，质薄而坚韧，被覆于肾表面，有保护肾的作用。纤维膜易于从肾表面剥离，利用这一特点，可将肾固定于第12肋和腰大肌上，以治疗肾下垂。在肾部分切除或肾外伤时，应缝合纤维膜，以防肾实质撕裂。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4_7" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4_7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="输尿管" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="4-7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>输尿管</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">是位于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%B9%E8%86%9C%E5%90%8E%E9%9A%99">腹膜后隙</a>的细长管状器官，位于脊柱两侧，左、右各一。上端起自肾盂，下端终于膀胱，在成人长约25-30cm。通常将输尿管分为三部：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">①腹部，自肾盂与输尿管交界处至跨越髂血管处；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">②盆部，从跨越髂血管处至膀脱壁���</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">③壁内部，斜行穿膀胜壁，终于膀联粘膜的输尿管口。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">输尿管腹部长约13-14cm，紧贴腰大肌前面向下内侧斜行，在腰大肌中点的稍下方有睾丸血管斜过其前方。输尿管腹部的体表投影：在腹前壁与半月线相当；在腹后壁约与腰椎横突尖端所作的连线一致。输尿管腹部的上、下端分别是解剖上的第1、2狭窄部。肾盂输尿管连接处的直径约0.2cm；跨越髂血管处直径约外0.3cm；其中间部分较粗，直径约0.6cm。输尿管的狭窄部常是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E7%9F%B3">结石</a>的阻塞部位，尤其肾盂输尿管连接处的狭窄性病变，是导致<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E7%9B%82%E7%A7%AF%E6%B0%B4">肾盂积水</a>的重要病因之一。右输尿管腹部的前方有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%8C%87%E8%82%A0">十二指肠</a>降部、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%87%E7%BB%93%E8%82%A0">升结肠</a>血管、回结肠血管、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B2%BE%E7%B4%A2">精索</a>内血管、回肠末段，右侧与盲肠及阑尾邻近，因此<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%9E%E8%82%A0">回肠</a>后位阑尾炎常可引起有输尿管炎，尿中可出现<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">红细胞</a>及脓细胞。左输尿管腹部的前方，有十二指肠空肠菌、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%99%8D%E7%BB%93%E8%82%A0">降结肠</a>血管，精索内血管也斜越输尿管腹部的前方。抵达骨盆上口时，两侧输尿管跨越髂外血管的起始部进入盆腔。由于输尿管腹部的大部分与升、降结肠血管相邻，故行左或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%B3%E5%8D%8A%E7%BB%93%E8%82%A0%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF">右半结肠切除术</a>时，应注意保护输尿管腹部。输尿管变异比较少见。下腔静脉后输尿管容易发生输尿管梗阻，有时需要手术将其移至<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE">正常位置</a>。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%8C%E8%82%BE%E7%9B%82">双肾盂</a>、双输尿管的行程及开口也有变异，如双输尿管开口于膀胱，可不引起<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D">生理功能障碍</a>，但若其中一条输尿管开口于膀胱之外，特别在女性可开口于尿道外口附近或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%B4%E9%81%93">阴道</a>内，因无<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8B%AC%E7%BA%A6%E8%82%8C">括约肌</a>控制，可致持续性尿漏。输尿管腹部的血液供应是多源性的，其上部由肾动脉、肾下极动脉的分支供应；下部由腹主动脉、睾丸动脉、第1<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%B0%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89">腰动脉</a>、髂总动脉、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%82%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89">髂内动脉</a>等分支供应。各条输尿管动脉到达输尿管边缘0.2-0.3cm处，分为升支和降支进入管壁，上下相邻的分支相互吻合，在输尿管的外膜层形成动脉网，并有小分支穿过肌层，在输尿管粘膜层形成 毛细血管丛。输尿管腹部的不同部位有不同的血液来源，由于血液来源不恒定，且少数输尿管动脉的吻合支细小，故输尿管手术时若游离范围过大，可影响输尿管的血运，有发生局部缺血、坏死的危险。供血到输尿管腹部的动脉多来自内侧，手术时在输尿管的外侧游离，可减少血供的破坏。输尿管腹部的静脉与动脉伴行，分别经肾静脉、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9D%BE%E4%B8%B8">睾丸</a>静脉、髂静脉等回流。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4_8" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4_8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="肾上腺" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="4-8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾上腺</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">为成对的内分泌器官，位于腹膜后隙内脊柱的两侧，如以椎骨为标志，则平第11胸椎高度，位于两肾的上端，属腹膜外位器官。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA">肾上腺</a>的形态，左侧为半月形，右侧呈三角形，高约5cm，宽约3cm，厚0.5-1cm，重5-7g。肾上腺与肾共同包在肾筋膜内，通过腹膜后注气造影，可显示肾上腺的轮廓，对诊断肾上腺病变有一定意义。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾上腺的毗邻左、右侧不同，左肾上腺前面的上部借<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C%E5%9B%8A">网膜囊</a>与胃后壁相隔，下部与胰尾、脾血管相邻，内侧缘接近腹主动脉。右肾上腺的前面为肝，前面的外上部没有腹膜，直接与肝的裸区相邻，内侧缘紧邻下腔静脉。左、右肾上腺的后面均为膈。两肾上腺之间有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%B9%E8%85%94%E4%B8%9B">腹腔丛</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾上腺的体积虽然较小，但血液供应却十分丰富，每分钟流经肾上腺的血量，相当于其本身重量的7倍。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4_9" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_4_9" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="肾上腺的动脉" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="4-9" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾上腺的动脉</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">有上���中、下三支，分布于肾上腺的上、中、下三部。肾上腺上动脉起自膈下动脉；肾上腺中动脉起自腹主动脉；肾上腺下动脉起自肾动脉。这些动脉进入肾上腺后，于肾上腺被膜内形成丰富的吻合，并分出细小分支进入皮质和髓质。一部分在皮质和髓质内形成血窦，一部分在细胞索问吻合成网，皮质和髓质的血窦集合成中央静脉，再穿出肾上腺，即肾上腺静脉。左肾上腺静脉通常为1支，仅有少数为2支，平均长度约2cm，外径约0.4cm。右肾上腺静脉的支数比较恒定，通常只有1支，平均长度约1cm，外径约0.3cm。左肾上腺静脉汇 入左肾静脉；右肾上腺静脉汇入下腔静脉，少数汇入有膈下静脉、右肾静脉或副肝有静脉，个别可汇入副肝有静脉。由于右肾上腺静脉很短，多汇入下腔静脉的右后壁，故在有肾上腺切除术结扎肾上腺静脉时，应注意保护下腔静脉。肾上腺的集合淋巴管多斜向内下方，注入主动脉外侧淋巴结、腔静脉外侧淋巴结及中问腰淋巴结。肾上腺上部的一部分集会淋巴管沿肾上腺上动脉走行，注入膈下淋巴结。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="机理" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>机理</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="5" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾具有强大的根据机体需要调节水排泄的能力，以维持体液渗透浓度的稳定。从肾小球滤出的水分近80%在近端小管及髓袢降支被重吸收。这部分水的重吸收与溶质的重吸收有关，钠自小管腔面的吸收为被动的，它伴随与氢离子交换，葡萄糖、氨基酸及磷酸盐的吸收则以弥散形式进入细胞，而在细胞基侧膜有Na+、K+-ATP酶，主动将钠泵入<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%97%B4%E6%B6%B2">细胞间液</a>，以保持细胞内钠平衡。肾对尿液的稀释浓缩主要发生在集合管。滤液进入髓袢后，通过逆流倍增机制而被浓缩。肾脏自皮质到髓质，组织间液的渗透浓度逐渐升高，到肾乳突处最高。髓袢各段通透性不同，髓袢降支对水容易透过，尿素较难，而<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0">氯化钠</a>则极少能渗透，故水分不断向组织间透出，管腔内氯化钠浓度不断升高；而髓袢升支细段则对钠离子有高度通透性，对尿素有中度通透性，但水则不易透过。因此在升支管腔中，钠浓度逐渐降低，而尿素浓度则有升高。总之，调节人体水及渗透压平衡的部位主要在肾小管，只有在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD">肾功能</a>严重衰退，滤过率极度减少时，肾小球也可影响水的排泄。影响肾稀释浓缩机能的因素很多，如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%97%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BF%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0">抗利尿激素</a>、慢性肾功能不全、利尿剂等。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="功能" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>功能</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="6" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_6_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="排出废物" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="6-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>排出废物</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%82%BE/288408/0/d62a6059252dd42a37ed071f033b5bb5c8eab899?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="肾脏在人体中的位置" style="width:220px;height:198px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=024c39ff02087bf479ec50ebc2d2575e/d62a6059252dd42a37ed071f033b5bb5c8eab899.jpg"  alt="肾脏在人体中的位置" style="width:220px;height:198px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
肾脏在人体中的位置
</span>
</div>肾<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F">血流量</a>约占全身血流量的1/4-1/5左右，肾小球滤液每分钟约生成120mL，一昼夜总滤液量约170-180L。滤液经肾小管时，99%被回吸收，故正常人尿量约为1500mL/d。葡萄糖、氨基酸、维生素、多肽类物质和少量蛋白质，在近曲小管几乎被全部回收，而<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%8C%E9%85%90">肌酐</a>、尿素、尿酸及其他代谢产物，经过选择，或部分吸收，或完全排出。肾小管尚可分泌排出药物及毒物，如酚红、对氨马尿酸、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%92%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0">青霉素</a>类、头孢霉素类等；药物若与蛋白质结合，则可通过肾小球滤过而排出。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_6_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="调节体内水" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="6-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>调节体内水</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">调节人体水及渗透压平衡的部位主要在肾小管。近曲小管为等渗性再吸收，为吸收Na+及分泌H+的重要场所。在近曲小管中，葡萄糖及氨基酸被完全回收，碳酸氢根回收70%-80%，水及钠的回收约65%-70%。滤液进入髓袢后进一步被浓缩，约25%氯化钠和15%水被回吸收。远曲及集合小管不透水，但能吸收部分钠盐，因之液体维持在低渗状态。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_6_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="电解质浓度" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="6-3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>电解质浓度</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾小球滤液中含有多种电解质，当进入肾小管后，钠、钾、钙、镁、碳酸氢、氯及磷酸离子等大部分被回吸收，按人体的需要，由神经内分泌及体液因素调节其吸收量。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_6_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="调节酸碱平衡" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="6-4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>调节酸碱平衡</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾对酸碱平衡的调节包括：①排泄H+，重新合成HCO3-，主要在远端肾单位完成；②排出酸性阴离子，如SO42-、PO43-等；③重吸收滤过的HCO3-。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_6_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="内分泌功能" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="6-5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>内分泌功能</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">可分泌不少激素并销毁许多多肽类激素。肾脏分泌的内分泌激素主要有血管活性激素和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E7%B4%A0">肾素</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA">前列腺</a>素、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BF%80%E8%82%BD">激肽</a>类物质，参加肾内外血管舒缩的调节；又能生成1，25-二羟<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0D3">维生素D3</a>及红细胞生成素。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">总之，肾脏是通过排泄代谢废物，调节体液，分泌内分泌激素，以维持体内<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83">内环境</a>稳定，使新陈代谢正常进行。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">为维持正常的排泄功能，肾血流量一般保持在恒定范围内，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%B0%8F%E7%90%83%E6%BB%A4%E8%BF%87%E7%8E%87">肾小球滤过率</a>约120mL/min。肾脏有自身调节功能，通过管球反馈、肾神经及血管活性物质等环节调节肾血浆流量，使肾小球滤过率维持在一定的范围内。肾小球滤过率受毛细血管内压、肾血浆流量、动脉血白蛋白浓度及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BB%A4%E8%BF%87%E8%86%9C">滤过膜</a>的通透系数的影响，当血压过低，肾血浆流量减少，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%86%E8%83%B6%E4%BD%93%E6%B8%97%E9%80%8F%E5%8E%8B">血浆胶体渗透压</a>增高，或通透系数下降时，肾小球滤过率显著降低或停止。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%B0%8F%E7%90%83%E6%BB%A4%E8%BF%87%E8%86%9C">肾小球滤过膜</a>对大分子物质具有屏障作用，滤过膜的屏障由两部分组成：一是机械性屏障，与滤过膜上的孔径大小及构型有关；二是电荷屏障，肾小球滤过膜带负电荷，可以阻止带负电荷的白蛋白滤出。在某些病理状态下，滤过膜上的负电荷消失，使大量白蛋白经滤过膜滤出，形成蛋白尿。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">尿素、肌酸、肌酐为主要含氮代谢产物，由肾小球滤过排泄，而马尿酸、苯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8">甲酸</a>以及各种胺类等<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%85%B8">有机酸</a>则经过肾小管排泄。主要通过肾小管上皮细胞向管腔内分泌的途径来排泄代谢废物，以肾小管近端排泄为主，除排泄有机酸外，还排出许多进入体内的药物，如庆大霉素、头孢霉素等也从近端肾小管排出。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">当血液流经肾小球时，除<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">血细胞</a>和分子量比血红蛋白大的蛋白质外，所有物质都随水分滤至肾小囊腔内，称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%9F%E5%B0%BF">原尿</a>。原尿流经肾小管时，各类物质又被选择性重吸收回血液，其余形成尿液。其中对机体有用的物质，如葡萄糖全部重吸收，水、钠、钾、氯等大部分重吸收；对机体无用或有害的物质，如尿素、尿酸、磷酸根等只少量重吸收，肌酸酐全部不吸收。除重吸收外，肾小管和集合管还有分泌与排泄的功能，如尿中的氨，绝大部分由肾小管和集合管所分泌，故虽然一昼夜内从肾小球滤过的原尿总量可达100-200升；但每天排尿量只有1-2升，而且其成分与血浆有很大差别。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">排泄是机体物质代谢全过程中的最后一个环节，是机体最基本的生命活动之一。肾脏的基本生理功能是生成尿液，从尿中排出各种需要消除的水溶性物质。肾脏泌尿活动的生理意义，一方面是排泄上述各种新陈代谢的终产物以及进入体内的药物和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%82%E7%89%A9">异物</a>等；一方面又调控体液的容量及其成分的排出，保留体液中各种对机体有用的营养物质和重要的电解质，如钠、钾、碳酸氢盐以及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%AF%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90">氯离子</a>等，排出过多的水和电解质，尤其是氢离子。由于从肾脏排出的物质种类最多，数量很大，而且可随着机体的不同情况而改变尿量和尿中物质的排出量，在调节机体的水和渗透压平衡、电解质和酸碱平衡中起着重要的作用。因此，肾脏已不再被认为是单纯的排泄器官，而是机体内环境<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">调节系统</a>甚为重要的组成部分。此外，肾脏还能产生多种具有生物活性的物质，即兼有一些内分泌功能，例如产生<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BF%83%E7%BA%A2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E7%B4%A0">促红细胞生成素</a>、肾素、前列腺素和高活性的维生素D3等，能起到调节血压、促进红细胞生成和调节<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%92%99%E7%A3%B7%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2">钙磷代谢</a>等作用。故肾脏是维持人体生命和正常功能所必需的重要器官。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="7" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="排泄及调节" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>排泄及调节</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">医生对<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E8%84%8F%E7%97%85">肾脏病</a>患者的钠、钾、氯等电解质特别关注需经常反复检查，对其进行监测。这是因为肾脏是<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%82%BE/288408/0/27d647ee626695b1b2fb95f3?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="肾脏解剖图" style="width:220px;height:190px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss3.bdstatic.com/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=8e18b3ba82025aafd73279c9cbedab8d/b999a9014c086e06429eca3102087bf40ad1cb92.jpg"  alt="肾脏解剖图" style="width:220px;height:190px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
肾脏解剖图
</span>
</div>钠、钾、氯的主要排泄场所。在体液中，钠离子是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A4%96%E6%B6%B2">细胞外液</a>中最主要的电解质，钾离子是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E6%B6%B2">细胞内液</a>中最主要的电解质。钠、钾、氯的排泄直接关系到体内这些离子的相对平衡，对保持正常体液的渗透压、体液量以及酸碱平衡具有极为重要的意义。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">尿钠是通过肾脏的滤过和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%87%8D%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8">重吸收作用</a>而后排出体外的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">正常成人，血浆的钠离子浓度为138-145mmol/L，绝大部分是以氯化钠的形式存在，其次是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E6%B0%A2%E9%92%A0">碳酸氢钠</a>等。肾小球滤过率一般为180L/24h，而每日排出的钠离子仅3-5克，99% 以上的钠离子被肾小管和集合管重吸收，其中大部分在近曲小管中重���收，其余为髓袢升支、远曲小管和集合管重吸收。钠的排泄受以下多种因素的影响：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(1)肾小球滤过率与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%90%83%E7%AE%A1%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1">球管平衡</a>。每单位时间从肾小球滤过的钠离子量，对尿钠的排出具有重要影响。近端小管重吸收钠离子的量随肾小球滤过率的变化而变化。若无球管平衡，当滤过的钠离子增加1%时，终尿中排出的钠量会增加两倍以上。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(2)<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8">肾上腺皮质</a>激素有保钠作用，其中，以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%86%9B%E5%9B%BA%E9%85%AE">醛固酮</a>的作用为最强，醛固酮增多可导致<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E9%92%A0%E6%BD%B4%E7%95%99">水钠潴留</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(3)肾动脉压或肾静脉压增加可使钠的重吸收减少。诸如以上的原因都可以影响钠的排泄。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">正常人血清钾浓度为3.5-5.5mmol/L，每日从尿排出1.2-3.2克，肾脏保留钾的能力不如钠。血清钾几乎全部要从肾小球滤过，其中98%左右在近曲小管重吸收，小部分在髓袢吸收。肾脏排泄钾的因素主要有下列几个方面：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(1)钾平衡。正常人摄入钾盐增加时，尿钾排出也增加。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(2)肾小管细胞内钾的浓度。当肾小管细胞内钾离子浓度增加时，远曲小管对钾的重吸收减少，尿钾的排出增加；反之，则尿钾排出减少。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(3)远曲小管和集合管中钠离子的含量。每当远曲小管对钠的重吸收增加时，钾的分泌量即增加。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(4)醛固酮的影响。当血清钾离子浓度升高时，可促进肾上腺皮质分泌醛固酮，从而使钾排泄增加，使钾离子浓度恢复正常。这对维持正常血钾浓度具有重要意义。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">正常人血浆中氯离子的浓度约为98-108mmol/L，主要存在于细胞外液，细胞内液的氯离子浓度只有1mmol/L，血液中氯几乎都以氯化钠的形式存在。每日随尿滤出的氯量约为5-9 克。肾小球滤过液中的氯离子，99%在肾小管中重吸收入血，其中60%-80%在近曲小管重吸收。由于钠在近端小管主动重吸收，引起水被动重吸收，使管腔中氯、钾离子等的浓度升高，通过扩散而被动重吸收。因此，钠的主动重吸收直接关系着包括氯在内的钾、钙等离子的重吸收。凡未被重吸收的氯，主要以氯化钠形式随尿排出，小部分以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%B5">氯化铵</a>由尿排出。尿氯的排泄量，主要受摄入钠盐的影响，其次与肾小管液中的酸碱度有关，肾小管泌氢离子增加，远曲小管重吸收氯离子减少，尿中排氯增加。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">综上所述，肾脏通过钠、钾、氯等排泄的调节，保持体内钾、钠、氯的正常水平，对维持人体正常的生理功能具有重要意义。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="酸碱平衡作用" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>酸碱平衡作用</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">人体体液有一定的酸碱度，这种酸碱平衡是维持人体生命活��的重要基础。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">人体在正常膳食情况下���体内产生大量的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B8%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8">酸性物质</a>和少量的碱性物质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">酸性物质主要有两大类：碳酸（挥发性酸）和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E9%85%B8">固定酸</a>（非挥发性酸）。糖、脂类、蛋白质氧化分解产生的硫酸、磷酸、乳酸、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE">丙酮</a>酸等酸性物质，主要由肾脏排出体外，称为固定酸。固定酸主要由蛋白质生成，体内生成固定酸的数量和食物蛋白质含量成正比。固定酸必须被中和并由肾脏排出，否则，会对机体造成严重的危害。正常情况下，代谢产生的酸性物质或碱性物质进入血液不会引起血液pH值的显著变化，主要是由于体内有一系列的调节机制，即：①体液中的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">缓冲系统</a>。②<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">呼吸系统</a>。③肾脏。肾脏的调节作用缓慢，但能完整地调节血液pH值。这是肾脏的重要功能之一。机体产生的固定酸，每天约为40-60mmol氢离子，它们可以通过肾小管泌氢作用自尿中排出。近曲小管、远曲小管、集合管细胞都可以泌氢。肾小管在排出酸性尿时，通过氢离子——钠离子交换，生成新的碳酸氢根离子，从而使在体液缓冲系统和呼吸系统调节机制中损失的碳酸氢根离子得到补充。同时，血浆氢离子浓度和二氧化碳分压的升高，均可刺激呼吸中枢，加强呼吸运动，使二氧化碳排出增多，血浆碳酸浓度下降。由于碳酸氢根离子的补充和碳酸的减少，使血浆中碳酸氢根离子与碳酸的比值不因对固定酸的缓冲而发生明显改变，使血浆pH值保持在正常范围。这样，肾脏通过对肾小球滤过的碳酸氢盐的重吸收和生成新的碳酸氢盐，从而使细胞外液中的碳酸氢盐的浓度保持稳定，以维持体液的酸碱平衡。此外肾脏的泌氢离子和碳酸氢根离子重吸收功能受动脉血的二氧化碳分压、血钾浓度等多种因素的影响。原发性<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E6%80%A7%E9%85%B8%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92">代谢性酸中毒</a>或碱中毒的形成，主要与呼吸运动和肾脏活动有关，其中肾脏起着更大的作用。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="肾实验" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾实验</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">肾：12号切片，猪肾，H.E染色。红染部分为皮质，淡染的部分为髓质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）被膜：由致密结缔组织构成。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）皮质：可见到三种结构。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾小体：呈球形，由肾小球和小囊组成。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾小球：为一团动脉毛细血管球，在切片上可以找到稍粗的入球<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89">小动脉</a>和稍细的出球小动脉。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾小囊：壁层为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%95%E5%B1%82%E6%89%81%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE">单层扁平上皮</a>，脏层<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B6%B3%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">足细胞</a>紧贴肾小球，不易区分，观察脏层和壁层间形成的囊腔。该腔就是收集原尿的地方。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BF%91%E7%AB%AF%E5%B0%8F%E7%AE%A1%E6%9B%B2%E9%83%A8">近端小管曲部</a>：管径较大，红染。管壁上皮细胞呈锥体状，细胞间界限不清楚。细胞核圆而大，多位于基部。细胞游离缘有刷状缘。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BF%9C%E7%AB%AF%E5%B0%8F%E7%AE%A1%E6%9B%B2%E9%83%A8">远端小管曲部</a>：染色较浅，管径较小。胞质染色较淡，呈立方形或低柱状，细胞界限明显，管腔较大，管壁较薄。细胞数量比近端小管曲部的多，胞核排列较整齐。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">髓放线：是自髓质伸向皮质中的直行肾小管。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（3）髓质：为纵向或横断的肾小管，包括集合管，近端小管直部，远端小管直部和细段及乳头管。细段的管腔横断面上可见为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%89%81%E5%B9%B3%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">扁平细胞</a>，3-4个细胞围成一管腔。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">集合管：管<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A3%81%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">壁细胞</a>由立方上皮移行为矮柱状上皮，细胞界限清楚，胞质清亮，核呈圆形。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">乳头管：管壁由高<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9F%B1%E7%8A%B6%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">柱状细胞</a>移行为复层柱状细胞，在肾乳头开口处逐渐转为变移上皮。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（4）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%B0%8F%E7%90%83%E6%97%81%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93">肾小球旁复合体</a>：位于肾小球血管极，在入球和出球小动脉之间，其中包括：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">致密斑：位于肾小球小管曲部邻近肾小球血管极的一面，在断面上可见细胞排列紧密，核染色较深。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%90%83%E5%A4%96%E7%B3%BB%E8%86%9C%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">球外系膜细胞</a>：位于致密班和肾小球之间，细胞为多边形，扁核，细胞成团状排列，不易分辨细胞界限。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E5%B0%8F%E7%90%83%E6%97%81%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">肾小球旁细胞</a>：可在入球小动脉管壁中寻找。在入球小动脉<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E7%9A%AE%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">内皮细胞</a>外侧，细胞呈立方形，核圆形，它是由小动脉中膜的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E6%BB%91%E8%82%8C%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">平滑肌细胞</a>转化而来。分泌肾素。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="肾中医说法" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾中医说法</h2>
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<a name="中医中的肾" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>中医中的肾</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">肾，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98">人体器官</a>名，系五脏之一，与膀胱相表里。主藏精，藏先天之精和后天之精，主发育、生长、生殖。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾，五脏之一。肾位于人体腰部，左右各一，包括<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BD%E9%97%A8">命门</a>。它是先天之本，内藏<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E9%98%B3">肾阳</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%83%E9%98%B3">元阳</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9C%9F%E9%98%B3">真阳</a>与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E9%98%B4">肾阴</a>、元阴、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9C%9F%E9%98%B4">真阴</a>，是藏精之脏</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《素问<b>·</b>六节脏象论》：“肾者主蛰，封藏之本，精之处也。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%BB%E9%AA%A8">肾主骨</a>，骨生髓。而脑为髓之海，所以肾精足，自然精力充沛，神思敏捷，记忆力增强，筋骨强健，行动轻捷。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《素问<b>·</b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%9F%E8%AE%BA">上古天真论</a>》：“肾者主水，受<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%94%E8%84%8F%E5%85%AD%E8%85%91">五脏六腑</a>之精而藏之。”又称之为先天之本。肾为水之下源，主水，与肺、脾、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%89%E7%84%A6">三焦</a>、膀胱等脏腑共同调节水液代谢，是水液代谢的重要<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%8F%E5%99%A8">脏器</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《素问<b>·</b>逆调论》：“肾者<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E8%84%8F">水脏</a>，主津液。”肾脉上连肺，主纳气。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9A%BE%E7%BB%8F">难经</a><b>·</b>四难》：“呼出心与肺，吸入肾与肝。”又主骨，生髓，通于脑，开窍于耳及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%8C%E9%98%B4">二阴</a>，外应于腰。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《素问<b>·</b>痿论》：“肾主身之骨髓。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《灵枢<b>·</b>脉度》：“肾气通于耳，肾和则能闻五音矣。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《素问<b>·</b>脉要精微论》：“腰者，肾之府。”因开窍二阴而司大小便。又寄藏命门之火，为元阴、元阳之脏，故有“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%AB%E4%B9%8B%E8%84%8F">水火之脏</a>”、“阴阳之宅”之称。②脉学名词。指足少阴肾经。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《灵枢<b>·</b>本输》：“肾出涌泉……足少阴经也。” ③脉学名词。指肾之<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9C%9F%E8%84%8F%E8%84%89">真脏脉</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《素问<b>·</b>平人气象论》：“肾见戊已死，是谓真脏见皆死。”④推拿部位名。见肾经条。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%BB%E9%AA%A8">肾主骨</a>渊源道妙洞真继篇》卷中：“肾者，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BD%9C%E5%BC%BA%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%98">作强之官</a>，技巧出焉，精之处也。其华在发，其充在骨髓。肾有二枚，左为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E8%97%8F%E5%BF%97">肾藏志</a>，志乐精神内守﹔右为命藏精。肾者，阴气也，为五脏之根，主身之骨髓及齿，齿者骨之本，有言骨之余”。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="道教释义" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>道教释义</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">道教认为通过内炼，使精气充足以后，不但元阴、元阳可以互济互根，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E6%B0%B4">肾水</a>还可以上升与心火相济。如此，因<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%8D%E4%BA%A4">心肾不交</a>而造成的心悸失眠、遗精等病症，就可得到改善，而且心协调脏腑的功能也可随之加强。元阴的充足，在炼功中还常常表现为口中产生大量<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B4%A5%E6%B6%B2">津液</a>，这种口津能够灌溉脏腑，润泽皮肤，吞咽而不吐，则肾水充旺，颜色不槁。足以降火养心。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾的论述</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">肾位于腰部脊柱两侧，左右各一。《素问·脉要精微论》说：“腰者，肾之府。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾的主要生理机能是：<b>主藏精，主水，主纳气。</b>由于肾藏先天之精，主生殖，为人体生命之本源，故称肾为“先天之本”。肾精化肾气，肾气分阴阳，肾阴和肾阳能资助、促进、协调全身脏腑之阴阳，故肾又称为“五脏阴阳之本”。肾藏精，主蛰，又称为封藏之本。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾在体合骨，生髓，通脑，其华在发，在窍为耳及二阴，在志为恐，在液为唾。足少阴肾经与足太阳膀胱经相互属络于肾与膀胱，相为表里。肾在五行属水，为阴中之阴，与自然界冬气相通应。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">中医对肾的认识，内涵比<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6">现代医学</a>解剖之&quot;肾&quot;广泛。它认为肾在人体是一个极其重要而又包涵多种功能的脏器；内藏元阴元阳(肾之阴阳的别称)，为水火之宅，是先天之本，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E4%B9%8B%E6%A0%B9">生命之根</a>。中医的肾与膀胱、骨髓、脑、头发、耳、二阴等构成系统。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">中医认为，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E4%B9%8B%E6%9C%AC">肾为先天之本</a>，寓元阴元阳：先天之本是指人立身之本，“人始生，先成精”，而肾藏精，故肾为先天之本。元阴是指阴精，元阳是指元气，元阴元阳在人的生命活动中——从孕育成形到发育壮大过程中起着决定性作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾藏精，主生长发育：肾主藏精，以气为用，关系着人的生长发育。肾气盛衰直接关系到人的生长发育，乃至衰老的全过程，也关系着人的生殖能力。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>肾与五色五味五位的关系、表里关系</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾在五色上属黑色，在五味上是咸，五位上属北方，与膀胱相表里，因此肾病患者患病后在面诊上都见于黑色因此可以作为中医辨证的依据，与膀胱为表里脏腑，因此肾的疾病、膀胱的疾病相互辨证分析治疗。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在整个生命过程中，正是由于肾中精气的盛衰变化，而呈现出生、长、壮、老、已的不同生理状态。人从幼年开始，肾精逐渐充盛。到了青壮年，肾精进一步充盛，乃至达到极点，体壮实，筋骨强健。而待到老年，肾精衰退，形体也逐渐衰老，全身筋骨运动不灵活，齿摇发脱，呈现出老态龙钟之象。打个比方，假��人是棵大树的话，肾就象大树的树根一样，根深方能<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%B6%E8%8C%82">叶茂</a>，同样道理肾好身体才好。对生长发育障碍临床治疗中，补肾是重要治疗方法之一；补肾填精又是延缓衰老和治疗老年性疾病的重要手段。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">其主要生理功能有：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1. 贮藏精气，为人体生殖、造血、生长发育、防卫病邪的基础物质；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. 平衡身体水液代谢，与膀胱合作排泄尿液；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3. 负责纳气，协调呼吸运动；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4. 主骨生髓，养脑益智；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5. 促进头发生长；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">6. 肾气通耳，控制听力；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">7. 控制二阴的开合。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾不好的特征</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1. 月经量少，或经期短，颜色暗。月经的产生和消失，都是肾功能是否旺盛的表现，如果肾脏中有很多毒素，经血就会减少。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. 水肿。肾脏管理体内的液���运行，肾脏堆积毒素后，排出多余液体的能力降低，就出现了水肿。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3. 下颌长痘。脸部下颌部位由肾管辖，肾的排毒不足，多余的毒素会表现在下颌部位。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4. 容易疲倦。身体内的毒素消耗了肾的能量，肾脏提供的能量减少，于是出现体倦，神疲思睡，四肢无力。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>常见病症</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">肾病经常都没有明显症状，但一旦有下列十项症状，提高警觉，从速求医。十项症状包括∶</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（一）眼皮和足踝浮肿；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（二）血压高；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（三）腰腹疼痛；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（四）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E5%B0%BF">血尿</a>；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（五）蛋白尿；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（六）尿路感染；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（七）小便颜色及赤痛；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（八）小便不顺；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（九）尿量增多减少及夜尿；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（十）小便排出小沙石。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾阴、阳虚</h2>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾阴虚</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E9%98%B4%E8%99%9A">肾阴虚</a>是指肾阴不足，虚火内扰所表现的证状。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">临床表现：头晕耳鸣，失眠多梦，健忘，腰膝酸软，性欲亢奋，遗精，女子经少或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%97%AD%E7%BB%8F">闭经</a>，或崩漏，形体消瘦，咽干口燥，潮热，五心烦热，盗汗，颧红，舌红少苔或无苔，脉细数。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="14_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_14_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="肾阳虚" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="14-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>肾阳虚</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E9%98%B3%E8%99%9A">肾阳虚</a>是指肾阳亏虚，功能衰退所表现的证候。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">临床表现：腰膝酸软而痛，或阳痿，精冷，妇女<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%AB%E5%AF%92%E4%B8%8D%E5%AD%95">宫寒不孕</a>，性欲减退；或大便久泄不止，完谷不化，五更泄泻；或浮肿（腰以下肿甚），按之凹陷不起，甚则腹部胀痛，心悸喘咳；面色晄白或黧黑，畏寒肢冷，尤以下肢为甚，头晕目眩，精神萎靡，小便清长或夜<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BF%E5%A4%9A">尿多</a>，舌淡胖苔白滑，脉沉迟无力或弱。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾阴虚与肾阳虚的区别要点：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾阳虚多有寒的表现：如畏寒肢冷，精神萎靡，小便清长，舌淡胖苔白，脉沉迟无力。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾阴虚多有虚热的表现：口燥咽干，潮热，颧红，五心烦热，盗汗，舌红少苔，脉细数。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">总之，区别阳虚阴虚最关键的是区分寒热，阳虚则寒，阴虚则热。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%B9%BF%E8%8C%B8">鹿茸</a>：<b>甘、咸，温。归肾、肝经。</b>壮元阳，补气血，益精髓，强筋骨。 治虚劳羸瘦，精神倦乏，眩晕，耳聋，目暗，腰膝酸痛，阳痿，滑精；子宫虚冷，崩漏，带下。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8A%9D%E9%BA%BB"><b>芝麻</b></a>：甘平，有补肝肾、润五脏的作用。如《本草经疏》中就曾记载：“芝麻，气味和平，不寒不热，补肝肾之佳谷也。”尤其是肾虚之人腰酸腿软，头昏耳鸣，发枯发落及早年<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%BD%E5%8F%91">白发</a>，大便燥结者，最宜食之。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B2%9F%E7%B1%B3">粟米</a>：</b>又称谷子、稞子。能补益肾气。《名医别录》及《滇南本草》中都说到“粟米养肾气。”明·李时珍还说：“粟，肾之谷也，肾病宜食之，煮粥食益<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%B9%E7%94%B0">丹田</a>，补<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%99%9A%E6%8D%9F">虚损</a>。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B1%87%E8%B1%86">豇豆</a>：</b>又称饭豆、长豆。性平，味甘，能补肾健脾，除脾虚者宜食外，肾虚之人也宜食用，对肾虚消渴、遗精、白浊，或小便频数，妇女<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%BD%E5%B8%A6">白带</a>，食之最宜。《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%BA%B2%E7%9B%AE">本草纲目</a>》曾这样记载：“豇豆理中益气，补肾健胃，生精髓。”《四川中药志》也说它能“滋阴补肾，健脾胃，治白带，白浊和肾虚遗精。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>牛骨髓</b>：有润肺、补肾、益髓的作用。《本草纲目》说它能“润肺补肾，泽肌，悦面”。对肾虚羸瘦、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B2%BE%E8%A1%80">精血</a>亏损者，尤为适宜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>狗肉：</b>性温，味咸，除有补中益气作用外，还能温肾助阳，故<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E9%98%B3%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3">肾阳不足</a>、腰膝软弱或冷痛，食之最宜。《日华子本草》认为：狗肉“补胃气，壮阳，暖腰膝，补<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%99%9A%E5%8A%B3">虚劳</a>，益气功。”《医林纂要》亦云：“狗肉补肺气，固肾气。”清代医家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%A0%E7%92%90">张璐</a>还说：“犬肉，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8B%E5%85%83">下元</a>虚人，食之最宜。”下元虚者，即肾阳虚弱、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BD%E9%97%A8%E7%81%AB%E8%A1%B0">命门火衰</a>是也。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>羊骨</b>：性温，味甘，能补肾强筋骨。《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A5%AE%E8%86%B3%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%81">饮膳正要</a>》认为：“羊尾骨益肾明日，补<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8B%E7%84%A6">下焦</a>虚冷。”《本草纲目》中记载：“羊脊骨补骨虚，通督脉，治腰痛下痢；羊胫骨主脾弱，肾虚不能摄精，白浊。”唐代《食医心镜》还介绍：“治肾脏虚冷，腰脊转动不得：羊脊骨一具，捶碎煮烂，空腹食之。”对肾虚劳损，腰膝无力怕冷，筋骨挛痛者，最宜食之。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>猪肾</b>：性平，味咸。唐·孟诜认为猪肾“主人肾虚”。《日华子本草》说它“补水脏，治耳聋”。水脏者实指肾脏而言。故凡因肾虚所致的腰酸腰痛、遗精、盗汗及老人<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E8%99%9A%E8%80%B3%E8%81%8B">肾虚耳聋</a>耳鸣，宜常食之。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B7%A1%E8%8F%9C">淡菜</a>：</b>有补肝肾、益精血的功效。《随宜居饮食谱》中说它“补肾，益血填精”。《本草汇言》亦云：“淡菜，补虚养肾之药也，此物本属介类，气味甘美而淡，性本清凉，善治肾虚有热。”所以，凡肾虚羸瘦、劳热骨蒸、眩晕盗汗、腰痛阳痿之人，食之最宜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>干贝 ：</b>又称江珧柱。��平，味甘咸，能补肾滋阴，故肾阴虚者宜常食之，清代食医<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%9F%E8%8B%B1">王孟英</a>认为：“干贝补肾，与淡菜同。”《本草求真》中也说它能“滋真阴”，实则指滋补肾阴之义。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>鲈鱼：</b>又称花鲈、鲈子鱼。性平，味甘，既能补脾胃，又可补肝肾，益筋骨。《本草经疏》曾有记载：“鲈鱼，味甘淡气平与脾胃相宜。肾主骨，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%AD%8B">肝主筋</a>，滋味属阴，总归于脏，益二脏之阴气，故能益筋骨。”《嘉枯本草》认为：“鲈鱼，多食宜人，作蚱尤良。”凡<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%9D%E8%82%BE%E9%98%B4%E8%99%9A">肝肾阴虚</a>，或脾虚胃弱者皆宜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>桑椹：</b>俗称桑果。性寒，味甘，有补肝、益肾、滋阴的作用。如《滇南本草》云：“桑椹益肾脏而固精，久服黑发明目。”清·王孟英还说：“桑椹滋肝肾，充血液，健步履。”故肾虚之人，尤其是肾阴不足者，食之最宜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>芡实</b>：性平，味甘涩，有益肾固涩、补脾止泄的双重功效。《本草经百种录》称之为“脾肾之药也”。《本草从新》亦说它能“补脾固精”。《本草新编》中还说：“芡实不特益精，且能涩精补肾，与山药并用，各为末，日日米饭调服。”凡肾虚之人遗精、早泄、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%8B">带下</a>、小便不禁或频多者，宜常食之。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>栗子</b>：性温，味甘，除有补脾健胃作用外，更有补肾壮腰之功，对肾虚腰痛者，最宜食用。如唐代养生学家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AD%99%E6%80%9D%E9%82%88">孙思邈</a>曾说：“生食之，甚治腰脚不遂。”明·李时珍亦曾记载：“治肾虚腰脚无力，以袋盛生栗悬干，每旦吃十余颗，次吃猪肾粥助之，久必强健。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>胡桃</b>：性温，味甘，既能补肺止喘，又能补肾固精，还能润肠通便。适宜肾<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%99%9A%E5%96%98">虚喘</a>嗽、遗精阳痿、腰痛脚弱、小便频数、大便燥结之人服食。正如《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%BD%95">医学衷中参西录</a>》所说：“胡桃，为滋补肝肾，强健筋骨之要药，故善治腰疼腿疼，一切<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AD%8B%E9%AA%A8%E7%96%BC%E7%97%9B">筋骨疼痛</a>。为其能补肾，故能固齿牙，乌须发，治虚劳喘嗽，气不归元，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8B%E7%84%A6%E8%99%9A%E5%AF%92">下焦虚寒</a>，小便频数，女子崩带等症。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>山药</b>：性平，味甘，为中医“上品”之药，除了具有补肺、健脾作用外，还能益肾填精。如明·李时珍指出：山药“益肾气，健脾胃。”《本草正》亦载：“山药，能健脾��虚，滋精固肾，治诸虚百损，疗<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%B3%E4%B8%83%E4%BC%A4">五劳七伤</a>。”《本草经读》还说：“山药，能补肾填精，精足则阴强、目明、耳聪。凡上品之药，法宜久服，多则终身，少则数年，与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%94%E8%B0%B7">五谷</a>之养人相佐，以臻寿考。”所以，凡肾虚之人，宜常食之。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9E%B8%E6%9D%9E%E5%AD%90">枸杞子</a>：</b>性平，味甘，具有补肾养肝、益精明目、壮筋骨、除腰痛、久服能益寿延年等功用。尤其是中老年肾虚之人，食之最宜。如《本草通玄》记载：“枸杞子，补肾益精，水旺则骨强，而消渴、目昏、腰疼膝痛无不愈矣。”《本草经疏》中也说：“枸杞子，为肝肾真阴不足，劳乏<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E7%83%AD">内热</a>补益之要药。老人阴虚者十之七八，故服食家为益精明目之上品。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%AC%E8%99%AB%E5%A4%8F%E8%8D%89">冬虫夏草</a>：</b>性温，味甘，有补肾和补肺的作用，是一种平补阴阳的名贵药材。如《本草从新》说它“保肺益肾。”《药性考》亦云：“虫草秘精益气，专补命门。”《柑园小识》还说：“以酒浸��枚啖之，治腰膝间痛楚，有益肾之功。”冬虫夏草虽然是一种副作用很少的滋补强壮中药，但直接用于方剂者不多。凡肾虚者最宜用虫草配合肉类如猪瘦肉、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%B8%A1%E8%82%89">鸡肉</a>或鸭肉，甚至新鲜胎盘等共炖，成为补益食品，更为有益。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>杜仲</b>：性温，味甘微辛，能补肝肾、强筋骨，对肾虚所致的腰脊酸疼、足膝软弱无力、小儿肾虚两下肢麻痹以及妇女<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E4%BA%8F">肾亏</a>引起的习惯性流产者，最为适宜。正如明代医家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BC%AA%E5%B8%8C%E9%9B%8D">缪希雍</a>解释说：“杜仲主<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%B0%E8%84%8A%E7%97%9B">腰脊痛</a>，益精气，坚筋骨，脚中酸痛。盖腰为肾之府，动摇不能，肾将惫矣。杜仲补其不足，益肾故也。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BD%95%E9%A6%96%E4%B9%8C">何首乌</a>：</b>有补肝肾、益精血的作用，历代医家均用之于肾虚之人。明·李时珍说过：“何首乌，能养血益肝，固精益肾，健筋骨，乌髭发，为滋补良药，功在地黄、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%A8%E5%86%AC">天门冬</a>诸药之上。”清代名医黄宫绣亦云：“何首乌，诸书皆言滋水补肾，黑发轻身，备极赞赏。”凡是肾虚之人头发早白，或腰膝软弱、筋骨酸痛，或男子遗精，女子带下者，食之皆宜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>海参</b>：性温，味咸，质地虽阴柔，但能补肾之阳气，为肾阴肾阳双补之品。如《本草从新》中说：“海参补肾益精，壮阳疗痿。”《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9A%8F%E6%81%AF%E5%B1%85%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F%E8%B0%B1">随息居饮食谱</a>》也说它“滋阴，健阳”。故凡肾虚之人，皆宜食之。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A9%AC">海马</a>：</b>性温，味甘，能补肾壮阳，故凡肾阳不足之人，皆宜食之，包括肾阳虚所致的阳痿、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8D%E8%82%B2">不育</a>、多尿、夜遗、虚喘等，食之颇宜。可用海马研细，每次1-2克，黄酒送服，1日2-3次。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>虾子</b>：性温，味甘咸，入肾经，有补肾壮阳的作用。凡因<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E6%B0%94%E8%99%9A">肾气虚</a>弱、肾阳不足所致的腰脚软弱无力，或阳痿，或男子不育症患者，宜多食虾。《食物中药与便方》还曾介绍：“肾虚，阳痿，腰脚痿弱无力：小茴香30克，炒研末，生虾肉90-120克，捣和为丸，黄酒送服，每服3-6克，1日2次。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">此外，肾虚者还宜服食龟肉、鸽肉、猪肉、甲鱼、蛤蚧、莲子、松子、荠菜、韭菜、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9C%82%E7%8E%8B%E6%B5%86">蜂王浆</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%81%B5%E8%8A%9D">灵芝</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%87%95%E7%AA%9D">燕窝</a>、阿胶、紫河车、地黄、锁阳、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%89%E8%8B%81%E8%93%89">肉苁蓉</a>等。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<div class="para" label-module="para">肾虚腰痛多表现为腰痛绵绵、酸软不止，喜按喜揉，伴腿��乏力，遇劳更甚，常反复发作。如偏肾阳虚者，则伴有面色发白，手足��湿，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%88%8C%E8%B4%A8">舌质</a>淡，脉沉细；肾阴偏虚者，则伴有心烦失眠、口燥咽干、面色潮红、手足心热、舌质红，脉细数。肾虚腰痛采用饮食调理方法可取得良好效果。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">一、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9D%9C%E4%BB%B2">杜仲</a>腰花：取杜仲、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%9D%E6%96%AD">川断</a>各15克，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8C%AA%E8%85%B0">猪腰</a>子1对，白酒25毫升，葱、味精、酱油、大蒜、姜、盐、白糖各适量。制法：先将猪腰洗净切成腰花放碗内，加白糖、盐、酒；另将杜仲、川断煎取浓汁后加入腰花中。用武火烧热锅，倒入腰花速炒熟，然后加入调味品即可食用。每日1次。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">二、茴香炖煮肾：取<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E8%8C%B4%E9%A6%99">小茴香</a>20克，猪腰 1对，葱、姜、盐、酒各适量。制法：先将猪腰（即猪肾）洗净后，在凹处剖一口子，将茴香、盐装入猪腰剖口内。用白线缝合剖口后，放入锅内，加葱、姜、酒、清水适量，用文火炖熟后食用。此法适用于偏肾阳虚的肾虚腰痛。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">三、杞地<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B1%B1%E8%8D%AF%E7%B2%A5">山药粥</a>：取生地黄20克，山药、杞果各50克，大米100克。制法：将生地黄切碎，山药捣碎，和杞果、大米共放锅内加水适量煮粥，代早餐食。每日1次。此法适用于偏肾阴虚的肾虚腰痛。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="17" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>男性补肾方法</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">祖国医学认为，肾为“先天之本”、“生命之根”。肾亏或肾气过早衰退的人，可呈现内分泌功能紊乱，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E4%BD%8E%E4%B8%8B">免疫功能低下</a>，并可影向其它脏腑器官的生理机能，导致早衰。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">要想肾精充盛、肾气健旺，保健按摩是一种有效的方法。这里介绍几种健肾强身简易方法。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>腰部按摩操有两种做法：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1. 两手掌对搓至手心热后，分别放至腰部，手掌向皮肤，上下按摩腰部，至有热感为止。可早晚各一遍，每遍约200次。此运动可补肾纳气。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. 两手握拳，手臂往后用两拇指的掌关节突出部位，自然按摩腰眼，向内做环形旋转按摩，逐���用力，以至酸胀感为好，持续按摩10分钟左右，早、中、晚各一次。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">腰为肾之府，常做腰眼按摩，可防治中老年人因肾亏所致的慢肌劳损、腰酸背痛等症。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>脚心按摩法</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">中医认为，涌泉穴直通肾经，脚心的脚泉穴法是浊气下降的地方。经常按摩涌泉穴，可益精补肾，强身健康，防止早衰，并能舒肝明目，促进睡眠，对肾亏引起的眩晕、失眠、耳鸣、咯血、鼻塞、头痛等有一定的疗效。脚心按摩的方法是：每日临睡前用温水泡脚，再用手互相擦热后，用左手心按摩右脚心，右手心按摩左脚心，每次100下以上，以搓热双脚为宜。此法有强肾滋阴降火之功效，对中老年人常见的虚<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%83%AD%E7%97%87">热症</a>效果甚佳。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>穴位按摩法</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>1. 按肾俞</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾俞穴位于第二、三腰椎间水平两旁一寸处，两手搓热后用手掌上下来回按摩五十至六十次，两侧同时或交替进行。对肾虚腰痛等有防治作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>2. 摩涌泉</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">涌泉穴位于足心凹陷处，为足少阴肾经之首穴。方法是用右手中间三指按摩左足心，用左手三指按摩右足心，左右交替进行，各按摩六十至八十次至足心发热为止，能强筋健步，引虚火下行，对心悸失眠、双足疲软无力等有防治作用。以上三法，依次而行，早晚各一次，常年不断，必然见效。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>3. 揉丹田</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">丹田位于肚脐下一寸至二寸处，相当于石门穴位置。方法是将手搓热后，用右手中间三指在该处旋转按摩五十至六十次。能健肾固精，并改善胃肠功能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>补肾健身操</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1. 端坐，两腿自然分开，与肩同宽，双手屈肘侧举，手指伸向上，与两耳平。然后，双手上举，以两肋部感觉有所牵动为度，随后复原。可连续做3-5次为一遍，每日可酌情做3-5遍。做动作前，全身宜放松。双手上举时吸气，复原时呼气，且力不宜过大、过猛。这种动作可活动筋骨、畅达经脉，同时使气归于丹田，对年老、体弱、气短者有缓解作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. 端坐，左臂屈肘放两腿上，右臂屈肘，手掌向上，做抛物动作3-5遍。做抛物动作时，手向上空抛，动作可略快，手上抛时吸气，复原时呼气。此动作的作用与第一动作相同。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3. 端坐，两腿自然下垂，先缓缓左右转动身体3-5次。然后，两脚向前摆动10余次，可根据个人体力，酌情增减。做动作时全身放松，动作要自然、缓和，转动身体时，躯干要保持正直，不宜俯仰。此动作可活动腰膝，益肾强腰，常练此动作，腰、膝得以锻炼，对肾有益。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4. 端坐，松开腰带，宽衣，将双手搓热，置于腰间，上下搓磨，直至腰部感觉发热为止。此法可温肾健腰，腰部有督脉之命门穴，以及足太阳膀胱经的肾俞、气海俞、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E4%BF%9E">大肠俞</a>等穴，搓后感觉全身发热，具有温肾强腰、舒筋活血等作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5. 双脚并拢，两手交叉上举过头，然后，弯腰，双手触地，继而下蹲，双手抱膝，默念“吹”但不发出声音。如此，可连续做10余遍。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="18" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub14292_18" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="护肾措施" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肾</span>护肾措施</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="18" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1. 多喝水：少喝水、尿排泄少的人容易发生肾结石，肾结石会影响肾功能。每日喝足8杯水，并且配合少吃巧克力、草莓、核仁、菠菜、冰茶、即溶咖啡，多补充维生素B6，可以减少尿中草酸钙的生成，从而减少肾结石的发生。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2. 多吃黑色食物：黑色食物如木耳、香菇，可保证肾脏的新陈代谢，减少肾脏内多余水分的囤积。板栗也有补肾壮腰的功效，每天吃6-7个就可以达到目的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3. 多吃植物蛋白：饮食要清淡，不宜咸，少吃高蛋白质、高脂肪的食品，因为血脂高会引起肾血管硬化，导致肾功能损害;而摄取过量的蛋白质食物会加重肾脏负担。多吃豆腐和豆类食品，即使肾病或慢性��衰的患者，也可适当吃些豆类食品。因为植物蛋白有益于肾脏，而且黄��中含植物雌激素，具有保护肾脏的作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4. 不乱服用药物：最常见对肾脏损害的药包括各类止痛药，庆大霉素、卡那霉素、磺胺类等抗生素。糖尿病患者、老年人、轻微肾机能衰退者，更容易受到药物的毒害。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5. 注意排尿的形态：要保持小便通畅。要注意观察尿液的形态，这可反映肾脏功能，例如泡沫状尿液是蛋白尿的表现，夜尿症则是肾功能不全的早期症状。如果发生尿道阻塞，小便不通畅，就会增加肾炎的机会，加重肾脏负担。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">6. 预防可能引发肾病的常见疾病：如上呼吸道感染、高血压、糖尿病、肥胖。上呼吸道感染特别是咽部炎症，往往是引起肾病的主要因素，也是造成肾脏疾病反复发作的因素之一，所以应采取积极的预防措施。高血压使肾脏血管长期受到高压而硬化，对肾脏功能有损害；而肥胖会使肾脏负担加重，导致肾功能损害。糖尿病病人中有30%会发展成尿毒症，所以应有效控制。此外，动脉硬化、高脂血症等都可导致肾功能损害，也应留神。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">7. 定期肾功能检查：有家族患肾脏病的病史，高血压、糖尿病及幼时得过肾炎者，都是慢性肾衰竭潜存的高危人群，因此本身有此类疾病时，更应定期检测肾功能，以早期发现早期治疗。</div>
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<p class="title"><a href="/tashuo/browse/content?id=c88e91fea2c9071a8590db3f&lemmaId=&fromLemmaModule=pcBottom" target="_blank">这五类常用药物很“伤肾”</a>
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<a href="/tashuo/browse/content?id=c88e91fea2c9071a8590db3f&lemmaId=&fromLemmaModule=pcBottom" target="_blank">
肾脏形如蚕豆，位于人体的腰背部，看似不大却极其重要，肾脏是机体代谢并排出代谢产物、化学物质及各种药物的重要器官，也是药物损伤的主要靶器官。在我们的身边你知道吗？有五种我们平时常用的药，也是给我们的身体带来非常大的危害的，最容易伤肝，那么到底是什么样的五种药呢？会不会给我们的...</a>
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<span class="tashuo-publish-date">2018-04-12</span><span class="tashuo-like J-like " data-isvote="0"><i></i><strong class="J-number">35</strong></span>
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                // 锁定和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                // 编辑和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            } else {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
                // 锁定和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){	require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/basicInfo/basicInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
    nslog(10002701);
    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog a').on('click', function () {
           nslog(10002702);
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('288408', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/albumList/albumList","wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog"],function($,AlbumList,nslog){
		var list=new AlbumList({
			newLemmaId:"288408",
			lemmaTitle:"肾",
			lemmaId:"14292",
			subLemmaId:"14292",
			data:{"261424":{"coverpic":"72ccb777db10a274b051b9d7","desc":"\u80be","albumTag":"","height":165,"width":220,"total":7,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss2.bdstatic.com\/9fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=9089567fb912c8fcb0f3f1cec90392b4\/5bafa40f4bfbfbed4966122078f0f736afc31fb5.jpg","toppics":[{"src":"72ccb777db10a274b051b9d7","owner":"\u77f3\u9006","desc":"1","height":750,"width":1000},{"src":"b110e619601a2715dab4bdd7","owner":"\u77f3\u9006","desc":"2","height":750,"width":1000},{"src":"507c389757002d0254fb96fa","owner":"\u77f3\u9006","desc":"3","height":750,"width":1000}]},"0":{"coverpic":"9d82d158ccbf6c8195698a28be3eb13532fa4097","width":481,"height":415,"desc":"\u8bcd\u6761\u56fe\u7247","total":7,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=345c2bfe79ec54e745ec1d1d8c399bfd\/9d82d158ccbf6c8195698a28be3eb13532fa4097.jpg"}}
		});
		!!window.ScriptLazyLoad && window.ScriptLazyLoad.regist({
			dom:$('.album-list'),
			loadFunc:function(){
				list.load();
				nslog(1258);
			},
			distance:500
		});
	});
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/tashuo/tashuo"],function(init){
        init();
    });
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery"],function($){
            function openTagToggle(node) {
                if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
                    $(node).removeClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
                } else {
                    $(node).addClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
                }
            }
            if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
                $('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
            }
            $("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
                openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightTashuo/rightTashuo"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId: 288408,
            lemmaTitle: '肾'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin')(
            288408,
            '肾'
        );
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics"],function(init){
        init({
            newLemmaIdEnc:"b35c476320b72c0a433cc8c3"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog"],function(SideCatalog){
		new SideCatalog();
	});
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao","wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd"], function (init, unionAd) {
            init({
                newLemmaId: "288408",
                lemmaTitle: "肾",
                encodeLemmaTitle: "%C9%F6",
                adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
            }, {
                errFn: unionAd,
                dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike'], function (app) {
            app.init({
                lemmaTitle: '肾',
                adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){            require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/bottomAd/bottomAd'], function (init) {
                init({
                    sId: 'BOTTOM_PRO_AD',
                    adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
                });
            });
        }();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
    var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin');
    var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

            var isEnterprise = false;
        var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
    
    var userId = 0;
    var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('肾') + '/' + '288408';
    var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=288408';

    userLogin.regist({
        onLogin: function(user) {
            userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
        }
    });

    function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
        if (isMidNight) {
            Dialog.alert({
                title: '编辑提示',
                subMsg: '晚23:00至次日8:00，因审核系统例行维护，您提交的版本可能需要较长时间才能通过，望您谅解。',
                onConfirm: function() {
                    window.location.href = url;
                }
            });
        } else {
            window.location.href = url;
        }    
    }

    function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
        new Dialog({
            title: '编辑提示',
            subMsg: '<p>您已开通企业百科服务，推荐您直接编辑“官方资料”，官方资料仅限企业百科绑定的百科账号修改，其他用户账号不可修改。</p><p>如果您想修改其他网友编辑的普通词条内容，请注意遵守百科百科编辑规则。<p>',
            btns: [{
            key: 'pgc',
            text: '编辑官方资料'
            }, {
            style: 'white',
            text: '修改普通词条',
            key: 'ugc'
            }],
            onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
                    pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
                } else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
                    ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
                }
            }
        }).show();
    }

    function checkUserLegal(res) {
        var legal = false;
        switch (res.errno) {
            case 100001:
                userLogin.showLoginPop();
                break;
            case 100006:
                unameFiller.show();
                break;
            default:
                legal = true;
        }
        return true;
    }

    function checkUgc(res, url) {
        if (res.errno) {
            switch (res.errno) {
                case 100005:
                    alert('对不起，您目前被封禁');
                    break;
                case 110001:
                    alert('对不起，该词条被锁定');
                    break;
                case 110007:
                    alert('对不起，消歧页无法编辑');
                    break;
                case 110005:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>四级</b>且通过��达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 110008:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>六级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 470001:
                    alert('系统错误，请刷新重试');
                    break;
                case 110003:
                    Dialog.alert({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                    });
                    break;
            }
        } else {
            if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
                Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                });
                return;
            }
            gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
        }
    }

    $(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
        var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
        if (dl) {
            var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
        } else {
            var url = editUrl;
        }

        rightCheck.preeditCheck('288408', '肾', '肾', '128821736', '', function(res) {
            if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
                return;
            }
            if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
                showChoseEditDialog(function() {
                    location.href = pgcUrl;
                }, function() {
                    checkUgc(res, url);
                });
            } else {
                checkUgc(res, url);
            }
        });
    });
}();
!function(){  require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-common:widget/component/footer/footer_feedback"], function($, feedback){
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-main'});
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-query', config: {
        appid: 215645,
        productLine: 20184,
        needContactWay: false,
        issuePlaceholder: '亲爱的百度百科用户，请在此填写您的质疑内容及原因哦～'
      },
      proData: {
        "kw": $('#J-bk-feedback-query').data('lemma')
      }
    });
  });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar-n/searchbar');  
    initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-simple'));
  }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/toolButtons"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId:"14292",
            subLemmaId:"14292",
            newLemmaId:"288408"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/userInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation'),
      nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar');

    var isFadeIn = false,
        isFadeOut = false;

    var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;

    $(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
        var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();

        if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
            fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
            fadeInAni = animation({
                duration: 200,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    isFadeIn = true;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    nslog(10010007);
                }
            });
        } else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
            fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
            fadeOutAni = animation({
                duration: 300,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    isFadeOut = true;
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
                }
            });
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl');
    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare"],function(taskShare){
        taskShare.init({
            title: '肾',
            desc: "\u80be\u662f\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6ccc\u5c3f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u8fc7\u6ee4\u8840\u6db2\u4e2d\u7684\u6742\u8d28\u3001\u7ef4\u6301\u4f53\u6db2\u548c\u7535\u89e3\u8d28\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4ea7\u751f\u5c3f\u6db2\u7ecf\u5c3f\u9053\u6392\u51fa\u4f53\u5916\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5177\u5907\u5185\u5206\u6ccc\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4ee5\u8c03\u8282\u8840\u538b\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b63\u5e38\u6210\u4eba\u5177\u5907\u4e24\u679a\u80be\u810f\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8170\u90e8\u4e24\u4fa7\u540e\u65b9\u3002\u80be\u810f\u4e2d\u7279\u6709\u7684\u9176\u662f\u7518\u6cb9\u6fc0\u9176\u3001\u78f7\u9178\u70ef\u9187\u4e19\u916e\u9178\u7fa7\u6fc0\u9176\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u9176\u662f\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9176\u3002",
            pic: 'https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/w%3D268\/sign=8e33dc32d762853592e0d527a8ee76f2\/9d82d158ccbf6c8195698a28be3eb13532fa4097.jpg',
            url: '',
            qqPic: 'https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/-vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D415%2C415%2C50\/sign=baa0eac10855b3199cacd1352594b617\/9d82d158ccbf6c8195698a28be3eb13532fa4097.jpg',
            newLemmaId: '288408',
            lemmaTitle: '肾'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog");
    var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem');
    var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader');

    function requireAsync() {
        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement']);
    }

    cmsModuleLoader('/api/wikiui/getlemmaconfig', [{
        name: 'announcement',
        script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
    }]);

    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad"], function(LazyLoad) {
        new LazyLoad();
    });

    require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog','wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'], function(nslog, $) {
        nslog().setGlobal({
            lemmaId: "14292",
            newLemmaId: "288408",
            subLemmaId: "14292",
            lemmaTitle: "肾"
        });

        // 词条页 pv
        nslog(9322);

        // 新版头部pv（小流量）
        if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
            nslog(9069);
        }

        // 链接点击 pv
        var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
        $('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
            var href = $(this).attr('href');
            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
                // 链接点击 pv
                nslog(10000001);
                if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                    // 词条页链接点击 pv
                    nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
                        targetTitle: $(this).text()
                    });
                }
            }
        });

        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 start ******/
        (function () {
            // 各种统计配置
            var circulationLinkCfg = {
                innerLink: [ // 内链
                    '.para',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
                    '.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
                    '.lemma-summary',
                    '.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
                    '.view-tip-panel',
                    '.horizontal-module',
                    '.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
                    '.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
                    '.module-music',
                    '.table-view',
                    '[log-set-param="table_view"]',
                    '.list-module',
                    '.cell-module',
                    '.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // 配置后台字段
                    '.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
                    '.drama-actor',
                    '#staffList',
                    '.starMovieAndTvplay',
                    '.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去词条tab外的tab
                ],
                relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
                peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系（明星+普通）
                moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主要演员、嘉宾、主持人
                moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作品
                moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分季介绍
                rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
                rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
                specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模块
                modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
                chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模块
                polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切换
            };
            /****** 连接统计 ******/
            function clickNslogFn() {
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k === 'innerLink') {
                        // 词条内链到词条页
                        var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
                        for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
                            tempArr[i] += ' a';
                        }
                        var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');

                        $('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
                            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
                            && tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页普通内链点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    } else {
                        // 模块到词条页链接
                        $(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页配置模块链接点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
            // 发起统计请求
            clickNslogFn();

            /****** 各模块展现量pv ******/
            function checkModuleIsShow() {
                var result = [];
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
                        !!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
                    }
                }
                if (result.length > 0) {
                    nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
                }
            }
            checkModuleIsShow();

        })();
        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 end ******/

    });

    // 广告接入 wikiad 统一加载
    // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求行为）
    nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
        api: 'lemma-ad',
        action: 'request'
    });
    var tags = [{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u533b\u5b66\u672f\u8bed"},{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u533b\u5b66"}];
    var tagsArray = [];
    for (var key in tags) {
        tagsArray.push(tags[key].tagName);
    }
    $.ajax({
        type: 'GET',
        url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
        data: {
            lemmaId: 288408,
            tags: tagsArray.join()
        },
        cache: false,
        dataType: 'JSON',
        success: function (res) {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求成功）
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'success'
            });

            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data[5]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
                        rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
                            adPos: 5
                        });
                    });
                } else if (res.data[1]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike'], function(vbaike) {
                        vbaike(res.data[1]);
                        for(var i in res.data[1]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
                                adPos: 1
                            });
                        }
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[9]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd'], function(rightBigAd) {
                        rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
                                adPos: 9
                            });
                    });
                                    } else if(res.data[2]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide'], function(slide) {
                        slide(res.data[2]);
                        for(var i in res.data[2]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
                                adPos: 2
                            });
                        }
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[3]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd'], function(topAd) {
                        topAd(res.data[3]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
                            adPos: 3
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[4]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd'], function(rightAd) {
                        rightAd(res.data[4]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
                            adPos: 4
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[15]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner'], function(banner) {
                        banner(res.data[15]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
                            adPos: 15
                        });
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[16]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration'], function(declaration) {
                        declaration(res.data[16]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
                            adPos: 16
                        });
                    })
                }
            } else {
                return;
            }

            setTimeout(function () {
                var elemArr = {};
                res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
                res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));

                testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
            }, 1000);
        },
        error: function () {
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